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Production, Distribution, marketing and exhibition of a film

 

Production

There are three stages to producing a film:

Preproduction

 This is the period of time when all the planning for the project takes place. Also all the locations, props, cast members, costumes ,special effects and visual effects are identified at this point.

 

Production

This is at the stage when all the filming is carried out. All scenes planned out in preproduction are filmed at the relevant locations.

 

Postproduction

This is the stage where the film is assembled by the editor. The editor must first make a rough cut, then make a fine cut by having a seamless story, they then trim each scene meaning they shorten the film and lastly all music, graphics etc. are added in.

 

 

Who are the main producers of films in America?

Universal Studios

•   Universal Studios is an American film studio. The main studio is in California.
• The company is owned by Comcast.
• The company was founded by   
  
  

  Carl Laemmle Pat Powers Mark Dintenfass William Swanson David Horsley Charles Baumann Adam Kessel Jules Brulatour Warner Bros Pictures Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. is an American producer of film, television, and music entertainment.  Its headquarters are in  California. Warner brothers was founded by Albert Warner Harry Warner Sam Warner Jack Warner     The ownership of the studio can impact what films the studio makes. For example as Warner Bros Pictures is a big production company they generally produce big budget films such as all of the Harry Potter films. Distribution Definition : Film distribution is the process of making a movie available for viewing by an audience. This is normally the task of a professional film distributor, who would determine the marketing strategy for the film, the media by which a film is to be exhibited or made available for viewing, and who may set the release date and other matters. The film may be exhibited directly to the public either through a movie theater or television, or personal home viewing, video-on-demand, download. For commercial projects, film distribution is usually accompanied by film promotion. What is a Film festival? A film festival is an organised, extended presentation of films in one or more cinemas or screening venues, usually in a single city or region. Why is distribution essential in the film industry? Distribution activities such as film festivals are essential as  film festivals is competition, that is, the consideration of films with the intention of judging which are most deserving of various forms of recognition. In contrast to those films, some festivals may screen  some films without treating them as part of the competition; the films are said to be "screened out..." (or "outside...") "of competition". Marketing What is marketing ? Marketing :   is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling that product or service. Examples of marketing... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMDymk_gx3A Link to dolphin tale 2 trailer Marketing for the film Skyfall on the side of a London bus. Exhibition How do audiences get to see films?

• Cinema
• DVD
• Online Streaming

 

 

 

               What is the Box office for a film ?

a place at a theatre, cinema, etc. where tickets are bought or reserved.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

           What are ancillary markets?

 

   Ancillary markets are non-theatrical markets for feature films, like home video, television, Pay Per View, VOD, Internet streaming, airlines and others.

 

 

 

 

BFI

 

 

What is the BFI?

 

 

The British Film Institute (BFI) is a charitable organisation established by Royal Charter to:

Encourage the development of the arts of film, television and the moving image throughout the United Kingdom, to promote their use as a record of contemporary life and manners, to promote education about film, television and the moving image generally, and their impact on society, to promote access to and appreciation of the widest possible range of British and world cinema and to establish, care for and develop collections reflecting the moving image history and heritage of the United Kingdom.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Film Industry

The Film Industry 

Production

The stages involved in producing a film are:

• Pre-production- during this stage planning takes place. For example, a detailed schedule is produced and location, props, cast members and costumes are decided.

• Production- this is the part where filming takes place

• Post-production- during this part the film is put together by editing. Effects and sound is added during this process.

• Distribution- this is the final stage where the film is released in cinema. 

Main producers of films in America: 

Dreamworks Animations 

Owners: Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen

Main studio: Glendale, California 

20th Century Fox 

Owners: Joseph M. Schenck, Darryl F. Zanuck and William Fox

Main studio:  Los Angeles, California, United States

If a film producer owns quite a big studio, which contains the latest technology and equipments needed in producing a film they'll be able to produce films that feature special or visual effects. Also, if your studio is very well known and popular, films that where created in the studio are likely to be very popular. 

An independent film is a professional film precaution that is produced mostly or completely outside of major film studios. 

Distribution

Distribution is when film distributers take the completed film and makes it available for viewing by an audience. This is done by marketing strategy.

Film distributers is an individual or a group of people who destribute a film.

The traditional way of distributing a film was by was by screening it in a movie theater












The newer way of distributing is on DVDs, Blue-Ray, television and computers (iTunes).

A film festival is where film-makers present their films for screening. The film-makers get the opportunity to screen their film in front of a real live audience and get reviewed by professional critics. Film-makers whose films get accepted into a festival also get valuable press attention. This is good profile building for their upcoming film. 

Sometimes if a film is part of a series, the distributer may want to release the film on a key date, to follow the trend of the releases within the series. Distribution is an essential in the film chain. If a film-maker can't secure a distribution deal then their film can't be put into exhibition (screening) for the audience. 

Marketing

Maketing is the promoting and selling of the film.

Different types of marketing include:

Trailers

Posters 

Social Networking Sites

Bus Adverts 

Happy Meals (Synergy)

Films are promoted in different ways so that it is suitable for different audiences.

Some American films can promote their film to foreign audiences by having the tailer in a different language, such as Spanish.

In order for films to be mainly promoted at the younger generation, social media is used, as their mass users are younger people.

One of the ways films are promoted to range of different audiences is through synergy. For example,  films that are aimed at young children like 'The Lego Movie', the film may do synergy with McDonalds Happy Meal, this way the film gets promoted by McDonalds and McDonalds gets promoted by the film.


Exhibition

There are many ways in which an audience view a film. This includes:

• Cinema

• Television

• Watching it online 

• Download it it on iTunes 

• Watching it on phones 

• DVDs and Blue-Ray 

Box Office is a term that us used to refer to the commercial success of a film.The higher the return of the box office, the higher the success of the film. This is because the film is earning money through people paying money for the tickets to watch the film. Therefore if you have more people buying tickets, then more people are watching this film. 

People that invest into the film at the start of production, earn most of the money at the end when the film becomes a success. 

Cinemas make their money through different ways. One of the ways is through the tickets prices that they charge. They also earn money from selling refreshments. Cinemas are paid by some studios to advertise their trailers. 

Nowadays, people prefer to watch films at home. Cinemas try to encourage the audience to visit the cinema by highlighting key features and luxuries you can only find at the cinemas and not at home. This may include the VIP seats to the wide range of refreshments that they offer. 

Ancillary markets are non-theatrical markets for feature films, like home video, television, Internet streaming, airlines and others. As ancillary markets allow an audience to view a film other than the cinema, it means that once it stops showing in the cinema, the audience still can view it on different media platforms. 

British Film Institution 

The BFI is the British Film Institution.

The British Film Institute is a charitable organisation,  that encourage the development of the arts of film, television and the moving image throughout the United Kingdom.

This helps the British film industry to grow as it encourages them to create and produce more films. 

                        

The film industry

Production
The stages of producing a film are as followed:

Pre-production- This is when all the planning for the project takes place. Locations, props, cast members, special effects and more are identified. The script for the film is written at this stage and schedules are made for specific elements for the film.
Production- This is the stage where filming takes place, all scenes planned already from the pre-production are filmed at the correct locations. Scenes are re-done if the director feels that the scene can be improved. At this stage its important to get all the right camera shots as it can be hard to go back to the location to film the scene again.
Post-production-This is the stage where the film gets edited, The editor has to create a rough cut taken from scenes based on the individual shots, the purpose of a rough cut is to gather the best shots. Also there has to be a fine cut, this is when all of the shots flow together. Other editing is done in this stage such as background music and graphics, once all the editing is done and has been approved by the director and producer the picture is locked, which means no further improvements can be made.
 Main producers of films in America.
DreamWorks Animation, this is owned by Steven Spielberg. This particular film organisation specialise in animated films for children.
20th Century Fox, this is owned by Joseph M. Schenck. This film organisation has made successful film series such as ice age, planet of the apes and die hard.
An independent production is a film production that is produced outside of the major film studio system.

Distribution
Distribution is the link between films being complete and ready for views to see it and the film being able to be shown in the cinemas. The film is sent to the studio, the studio makes a licensing agreement with a distribution company, and the distribution company decides how many prints of the film is going to be made. The distribution company also shows the movie to potential buyers that represent different cinemas.
The traditional way of distributing a film is to show your film to as many relevant sales agents as possible so that they will take you on, enter your film in keys festivals, market them to distributors and sell your film for you worldwide.  Once the film has been seen and hopefully bought by a distributor it will likely go to the cinemas.
A distributor might decide to release a film on one particular weekend rather than another because maybe another film is going to be released on that particular weekend and the distributor doesn't want two films being released on the same weekend in case consumers choose to watch 1 film and not the other.
Distribution is essential to the film chain because without the film being distributed then there is a high chance your film won't be seen in the cinema's, and if a distribution deal cant be secured then again the chance of the film being at the cinema is slim or impossible.

Marketing
Marketing is when a business promote their product or service to the public or who ever their audience is. Marketing is different from distributing because marketing is what happens when the film is set to be in a cinema and you'll see the cover of the film on buses and billboards, but distributing is the act of trying to get your film to the cinema so you show your film to potential buyers that represent a cinema.
Examples of different types of marketing.

Some films have multiple trailers for different countries, for example the film Ice age is made in America and their trailer is in English but there is a trailer that is in Hindi which is targeted for people who live in India. The only thing that is different between the two trailers is the language that suits different audiences.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umy2T1ZgKq4





Exhibition
Audiences view films by going to the cinema, going on film sites such as Netflix, buying DVDs, downloading movies from illegal sites and streaming film from illegal sites.
A Box Office is usually a list of the highest grossing films, films that are on that list are the films that are popular and have received a lot of money from ticket sales.
Box office return is useful to identify the success of a film because it shows how much money was generated and how films are ranked, so far Avatar is at the top.
Cinemas make their money by selling tickets, selling refreshments and on screen advertisements.
To get people to go to the cinema rather than watching a film at home, they make the cinema more comfortable, for example the Hackney Picture House, the seating in that cinema is comfortable and the seats are recliners too so you can lay back and relax whilst watching the film, its as if your at home.
Ancillary markets are non-theatrical markets for feature films such as television, internet streaming and pay per view. This is a form of exhibition because the film can be accessed on TV but, the public has to pay for it before they can see the film.
BFI is the British Film Institute, they are required to encourage the development of the arts of film, television and moving image in the United Kingdom to promote education about film, television and moving images.

Film Chain

PRODUCTION 

 

The Production Process: 

The production process refers to the stages (phases) required to complete a media product, from the idea to the final master copy. The process can apply to any type of media production including film, video, television and audio recording. The stages in each medium vary; for example, there is obviously no storyboard in an audio recording. However the same general concepts work for any medium. 

The three main stages of production are: 

1. Pre-production: Planning, scripting & storyboarding, etc. 

2. Production: The actual shooting/recording. 

3. Post-production: Everything between production and creating the final master copy. 

Pre-Production- 

Pre-production is a fairly loose term which refers to the tasks undertaken before production begins. Exactly what is included in this stage depends on the medium and situation. 

For a small video company, pre-production may refer to everything that happens before shooting begins, for example, meeting with the client, research, storyboarding, location planning, etc. 

For feature films, pre-production is more specific and only begins when other milestones have been met such as financing, screenplay, casting and major staffing. In this case pre-production includes: 

• Location scouting 
• Prop and wardrobe identification and preparation 
• Special effects identification and preparation 
• Production schedule 
• Set construction 
• Script-locking (semi-finalisation of the script) 
• Script read-through with cast, director and other interested parties 

Production- 

In film and video, production refers to the part of the process in which footage is recorded. This is what most people imagine when they think of a film being made — actors on sets, cameras rolling, etc. The production phase is also known as principal photography. 

In large feature films the beginning of the production phase marks the "point of no return", i.e. the point at which it is no longer financially viable to cancel the project. At this point it is almost always cheaper to continue until the project is finished than to deal with the financial fall-out of canceling. 

The goal of principal photography is obviously to record all required shots, however it is fairly common to shoot "pick-up" shots in post-production. Pick-up shots may be required when a mistake is noticed, a script change is made (this is unusual), or even if a performance is deemed to be unsatisfactory. 

In music, production usually refers to the creative direction of a project. Unlike a film producer who is more of a manager, a music producer has a very hands-on role in the creative development. 

Post-Production- 

Post-production is the third and final major phase of the production process. It is often referred to simply as post, e.g. "We can sort that out in post". 

There are many things which can happen in post-production. Common tasks include: 

• Editing video footage 
• Editing the soundtrack, adding sound effects, music, etc. 
• Adding titles and graphics 
• Colour and exposure correction 
• Adding special effects 
• Re-shooting certain scenes if required ("pick-up" shots) 

In some cases post-production is relatively straightforward, consisting of choosing and arranging footage in the correct sequence. In most cases however, post-production is a time-consuming job taking longer than the actual production phase. 

Producers in the Film Industry-

One of my favourite movie producers would have to be Steven Spielberg, one reason being he produced my favourite movie - Saving Private Ryan. Spielberg currently has 3 Oscars and over 165 other achievements! He is definitely my favourite. 

Independent Productions- 

An Independent Production of a film is when a film is edited, directed, produced etc. by an independent persons or completely outside of a main studio. Such as - Everyday, Beasts of the southern wild, Arcadia etc.

How Different Studios Impact The Film Produced- 

Studios such as Marvel and Pixar generally make motion picture/animated films, these type of films are their field of concentration. 

Film studios such as Paramount Pictures and 20th century fox do live action films as well as motion picture. 

All studios have different strengths and this is what gives us variety!

Distribution 

Film Distribution is the process in which a film get from the edit-house to your local cinema screens. This process is usually done by a professional film distributor who decides which root your film should follow. However it can also be done independently but this may not be the most efficient way! 

Film festivals are usually for film makers who aren't mainstream, sometime these people find it hard to distribute theatrically so they host a film festival, this is there way of distributing the film - first hand. The traditional way of distributing would be theatrical but nowadays movies are becoming 100% digital and available to download at the click of a mouse! 

The day of release plays a huge role in the distribution, for example, releasing a film on a Monday morning when everybody is going to work wouldn't be a great idea, usually films are released on weekends, Friday's in particular. This is because people have a 2 day break with free time and money they've saved up. You always have blockbusters out Memorial Day, 4th of July, and Labor Day weekends. Three day weekends garner bigger audiences. Ever since Jaws invented the summer blockbuster, horror/action/sci-fi movies for 4th of July have been a staple.  

If a film doesn't secure a film distribution deal, it is likely to fail, it would have to distribute independently which is not always easy so sitting on a shelf somewhere is likely to be its destiny. However more and more films are being released independently so there may be a small market for it.

Marketing 

Marketing is the process of promoting a product or service to a specific group of people with specific interests, for example, putting an advert for toys on Cartoon Network would be a good marketing plan as kids and parents watch Cartoon Network. This contrast to distribution, you would distribute your film to a theatre, however you would market it on a poster outside the cinema.  

Here are 11 movie trailers which were deemed the best. This would be a successful marketing approach but it comes with a hefty budget. 

Here is a poster that caught my attention, I remember when I first saw it, I instantly knew I was going to watch the film,

THE DARK KNIGHT

 

Here are some more ways of advertising, they include bus adverts, happy meals and internet banners. 

Bus advert - 007 skyfall

Happy meal - Shrek

Films can cater for different audiences such as different language barriers, usually producers just voice over and usually have trailers in other languages as seen here. This trailer caters for people who understand Hindi, a dialect mostly spoken in India

But one that stood out to me was Angelina Jolie she shot two of the same film in different dialct. Here's and extract from the article : 

Internet banner

Angelina Jolie is filming her directorial debut, a controversial love story between a Muslim woman and a Serbian man, in two different languages: English and the Eastern European dialect many of her actors speak.  "We actually shot a full version in their native language and we shot a full version in English. We shot two complete films," Jolie tells local outlet Vasarnapi Hirek. "I was only able to do it because the actors were so fluent in English so they were willing to work hard and do the scenes in two languages."  
Theaters will have the option to choose the version they want to play depending on the region.

Exhibition 

Ways in which individuals can watch films nowadays are countless, we have digitial media now which almost every youth uses there are many services available such as Netflix, Hulu, Sky+, Virgin Media, iTunes... the list goes on. And to thin we can use all of these on our phone is crazy! Although some of us still use traditional ways such as DVD's. 

A box office used to be a place where anyone would buy tickets for a film or production. However the term is frequently used as a term for the success of a film, usually how much gross profit they make in a weekend etc. It is determined as a good box office if a film is successful. 

Depending on who was involved in the production of a movie and the release of the movie, everyone would get a certain cut, for example the production team may get 60%, the distributors may get 10%, the marketers may get 10%, actors may get 15% and the cinema may only get 5%. 

The reason why a cinema only gets so little is because they make HUGE amounts of money off of food, drinks, gaming arcades and even car parking. That's why your pocket is always short after a family trip! 

Most cinema's have comfortable seats and a quite environment, this is what encourages people to watch movies at their theatre as it may be just like watching at home, if not better. Not to mention the huge screen. 

Ancillary markets are non-theatrical markets for feature films such as television, internet streaming and pay per view. This is a form of exhibition because the film can be accessed on TV but, the public has to pay for it before they can see the film. 

BFI 

Funded by government as a national collection, the BFI National Archive has its origins in the movement to conserve film history in the 1930s and was founded as the National Film Library in 1935, just two years after the establishment of the British Film Institute, as the fulfilment of the BFI’s remit to ‘maintain a national repository of films of permanent value.’ 

They encourage the development of the arts of film, television and the moving image throughout the United Kingdom, to promote their use as a record of contemporary life and manners, to promote education about film, television and the moving image generally, and their impact on society, to promote access to and appreciation of the widest possible range of British and world cinema and to establish, care for and develop collections reflecting the moving image history and heritage of the United Kingdom.